Theories of Attachment The Importance of Bonding with...

To infants, the world is a brand new experience full of new sights and sounds, and their parents are their first teacher who educates them about the new environment around them. In addition, they learn about their surroundings through touch which is an important part of the way infants observe this strange new world. Babies and toddlers learn about the way relationships are formed through becoming attached to their parents and bonding with them. Infants and toddlers love hugs, kisses, gentle caresses from their mom and dad as well as being sung and read to at night. Looking at parents bond with their children is a beautiful display of love and affection between parent and child. Seeing their infant smile back at them and be happy when†¦show more content†¦When a baby feels protected, they learn that their world is safe and sound. In addition, they feel secure even when their parents leave the room. Infants and toddlers need to know that their parents are there to keep them safe and provide them with a loving nurturing environment. The next two components of healthy attachment between parents and children are the child’s ability to be affectionate towards their parents as well as other caregivers. When children are shown love through hugs and kisses, and being paid attention to, and are well taken care of, they are able to form a loving bond with their parents. In addition, they also form a bond with other caregivers besides their parents. Perry (2011) writes that, â€Å"When the infant has attentive, responsive, and loving care giving, this genetic potential is expressed. And as this infant becomes a toddler and more people-family, friends, peers-enter his life, he will continue to develop this capacity to have healthy and strong emotional relationships† (Perry, 2011). Not only will an infant or toddler have love for their parents, but also for other caregivers who they feel will keep them safe and secure. When children have a secure attachment with their parents and caregivers, they are able to form real relationships with other children as well. Infants and toddlers who have a secure attachment to their parents are more friendly and sociable with theirShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Biology And Libidinal Drives1025 Words   |  5 PagesUnlike others of his era he was not trained in the sciences and believed that human interaction was the basis for forming the individual’s personality. Out of this belief came the idea of his Eight Stages of Development (Sougstad, 2017). Unique to his theory at the time was the inclusion of all ages rather than only encompassing early development. Each of these stages includes a crisis that must be resolved to move from one stage to the next. Our ability to move through these stages is impacted by factorsRead MoreDifferences Between Home Daycares And Daycare Centers3734 Words   |  15 Pagesare: H01: Children who attend part-time or full-time daycare at a home daycare or center do not, on average, have more cases of illness than children who do not attend daycare. H02: Full-time daycare children on average have no more difficulty bonding with their biological or adoptive parents than children who do not attend daycare. H03: Home daycare providers and daycare center providers have comparable levels of stress and fatigue. CHAPTER 2- LITERATURE REVIEW This chapterRead MoreThe For An Overly Structured Environment Essay2439 Words   |  10 Pagesit may seem odd to you that as a teacher we would have our students clean objects in the classroom, but there it a function behind every activity conducted in the classroom. Another belief that Maria Montessori stressed in her framework, is the importance of teaching our young learners the responsibility of becoming â€Å"the keeper and the custodian of their environment†. Our activity in class of cleaning our chairs and toys is a perfect example of this concept. As I mentioned earlier, the objects theRead MoreProblems with Adoption4520 Words   |  19 Pages mistreatment, malnutrition or institutionalization in their home countries. â€Å"Some are found to suffer from fetal alcohol syndrome, mental illness or reactive attachment disorder, an inability to bond with a parent† (Wingert). Emotional and even physical disorders can be difficult to detect at the time of adoption, especially in infants, and often are not diagnosed until months or years later. Figure 2 shows the percentage of children adopted at less than 24 months of age and greater than 24 monthsRead MoreInfluence Of Childhood Attachment On Moral Leadership2432 Words   |  10 PagesThe Influence of Childhood Attachment on Moral Leadership In order to understand how there is a childhood attachment on moral leadership, we need to first understand how and where the influences come from and what stages in development they may occur. The fundamental development occurs in three stages. Theses stages are physical, cognitive and psychosocial in which all human life goes through. While these stages inherently create human functions, intelligence and social and other interpersonal traitsRead MoreEriksons Psychosocial Stages of Personality1942 Words   |  8 PagesDevelopment Trust vs. Mistrust Trust versus mistrust is Erikson’s first stage in his theory psychosocial development. It is also believed to be the most important. In this stage, infants learn whether or not they can trust the people around them, especially those they’re closest to. It occurs during the first year of life when the infant is completely dependent on its mother/caregiver. Because the infant is utterly helpless during this time, the personality is affected by the degree of love,Read MoreLevel 3 Childcare Unit1 Essay6759 Words   |  28 Pagesstrangers. 18 months At 18 months children start to want independence they cry and protest if something that they want is not given to them. Their language skills are still developing and most children will be able to use several words. Toddlers can be restless and change moods quickly, they also become distressed when left in unfamiliar places with unfamiliar adults. Physical Sitting and pushing off with legs on sit –and –ride toys. Cognitive Enjoyment of posting toysRead MoreThis is an chapter by chapter summary of the book Becoming Attached, did it for extra credit11157 Words   |  45 Pagesour mother near is the theory that is expressed in chapter one. Chapter one goes through a time line of how we, as humans, came across this theory. The author tends to talk about and describe how as babies the basic need to have mother around is just as important as having food, water, and clean diapers. The author gives examples of children who were adopted after infancy and children whom had to spend significant amounts of time away from their mothers during their infant years had suffered fromRead MoreA Daycare Center : Teacher- Child Interactions2700 Words   |  11 Pagesâ€Å"Teachers’ Commitment to the Field and Teacher-Child Interactions in Center Based Child Care for Toddlers and Three-Year-Olds,the more teachers promote higher order thinking skills and scaffold children’heir own s learning, the bette r they perform on measures of academic and language skills† (Thomason La Paro, 2014). I can relate to this based on a training I participated in from The Infant and Toddler Resource Network based out of Buffalo, NY. One thing that was expressed the most is getting theRead More8 Week Treatment Plan4723 Words   |  19 PagesTreatment Plan using Expressive Group Therapy working with children who struggle with insecure attachment. What does insecure attachment look like? Attachment can be defined as â€Å"an emotional tie with another person, shown in young children by seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation† (Myers, 1998). Early bonding experiences have a significant impact on the developing child and achieving a positive bond is

Tom Walker, Goodman Brown, And The Devil - 850 Words

Tom Walker, Goodman Brown, and the Devil During the early 1700s, a traveler met a man in the Massachusetts forest. However, this was no mortal man, but the devil. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† and â€Å"The Devil and Tom Walker,† two short stories, both start out in this way. Washington Irving wrote the latter in 1824, which tells how Tom Walker profited through working for the devil. In 1835, Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† which describes Goodman Brown’s woodland encounter with the Devil. The two stories share specific ideas regarding the devil, overpowering minor deviations between each other. Both authors describe the devil similarly. In the two stories, the devil craftily disguises himself so that he appears to be a†¦show more content†¦Hawthorne symbolized this through Faith, Goodman Brown’s wife, whom he deliberately left behind in order to follow the devil. The stories also expose the sinfulness of the char acters, making them unlikable. Eventually, the devil takes the souls of all the characters, including those who acted the most devoutly. For example, Tom Walker â€Å"became... all of a sudden, a violent church-goer. He prayed loudly and strenuously as if heaven were to be taken by force of lungs,† (Irving 11). Nevertheless, the devil carries pious Tom away on his great black horse. In â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† all the village’s citizens, including Faith, willingly gather at a worship service for the devil. This ruins Brown’s Christian life because he now thought there was no truth to Christianity. Consequentially, â€Å"when he had lived long, and was borne to his grave...they carved no hopeful verse upon his tombstone, for his dying hour was gloom,† (Hawthorne 19). Man’s corrupt, sinful nature made it possible for the devil to capture the souls of Tom Walker and Goodman Brown. Although the stories’ main components mirror e ach other, they still differentiate. For example, in â€Å"The Devil and Tom Walker,† everyone believes Tom has made a deal with the devil, whereas in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† the author questions the actualityShow MoreRelatedCompare And Contrast Young Goodman Brown And The Devil And Tom Walker773 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"The Devil and Tom Walker† describes the devil in the following way: â€Å"he was dressed in a rude half-indian garb, and had a red belt...yet He had a shock of coarse black hair...and bore an ax on his shoulder.† Washington Irving wrote â€Å"The Devil and Tom Walker† in 1824, which tells how Tom Walker became rich by working for the devil. Another short story, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† written by Nathaniel Hawthorne in1835, describes Goodman Brown’s woodland tramp with the Devil. The two stories shareRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Young Goodman Brown And The Devil And Tom Walker 1219 Words   |   5 Pagestheir era. Hawthorne’s, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is a story about a man, Goodman Brown who happens to set out on a trip for an evil purpose. On the way he meets a man who offers him his staff, saying that it might help him walk faster, but Goodman Brown refuses and wishes to return back to his village for the sake of his wife, Faith. On the other hand, Irving’s, â€Å"The Devil and Tom Walker† is about an individual who lets his greed and selfishness take charge of him. Tom Walker, a greedy man, attempts toRead MoreWhat Makes A Story Faustian?1867 Words   |  8 Pagescharacter often resorts to selling their soul to the devil, in a search for power beyond their human limitations. And although Faustian themed stories provide a contemporary look at human limitation, their theme can be traced back to the earliest of biblical stories. What makes a story Faustian? Well all legends and stories considered ?Faustian? have a couple major elements in common. They all involve a character making a deal with the Devil, and they all attempt to teach a lesson.[i]ThatRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagesbecomes, therefore: ‘given a specific type of strategy, what marketing structures, policies, procedures, and programmes are likely to distinguish high performing business units from those that are relatively less effective, efficient, or adaptable?’ (Walker and Ruekert, 1987, p. 15). Part of the answer is undoubtedly the extent to which the organization reflects a customer orientation. Product Functional Technical developments planned Packaging Service levels Range extensions/deletions Price ListRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagescreation of this text was a challenging adventure, and we would like to acknowledge the contribution of many others to its development. We would like to express our thanks to Jacqueline Senior, who was our original commissioning editor, and to Matthew Walker, who took over that role. We also would wish to thank David Cox and Stuart Hay, who have been our development editors. Their contribution to the pedagogic shaping of the text challenged many of our initial assumptions about the nature of a ‘textbook’

Classical Conditioning Vs Operant Conditioning Essay Research free essay sample

Classical Conditioning Vs. Operant Conditioning Essay, Research Paper Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are different larning methods. What precisely is conditioning? Conditioning is the acquisition of specific forms of behaviour in the presence of chiseled stimulation. Both classical and operant conditioning are basic signifiers of larning. Classical conditioning is a type of acquisition in which an being learns to reassign a natural response from one stimulation to another, antecedently impersonal stimulation. Manipulating physiological reaction does this. Operant conditioning is a type of acquisition in which the likeliness of a behaviour is increased or decreased by the usage of support or penalty. Operant conditioning trades with more cognitive idea procedure. These two signifiers of larning have similarities and differences. Their similarities are that they both produce basic phenomena. One such phenomenon is acquisition. Both types of conditioning consequence in the heritage of a behaviour. One of the most celebrated of experiments that illustrates classical conditioning is Pavlov # 8217 ; s Dogs. We will write a custom essay sample on Classical Conditioning Vs Operant Conditioning Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In this experiment, Pavlov sat behind a one-way mirror and controlled the presentation of a bell. The bell was the learned stimulation. A learned stimulation was an originally impersonal stimulation that could finally bring forth a coveted response when presented entirely. Directly after the tintinnabulation of the bell, Pavlov gave the Canis familiaris nutrient. The nutrient was the innate stimulation. This means that the nutrient caused an unmanageable response whenever it was presented entirely. That response would be the salivation of the Canis familiaris. A tubing that was in the Canis familiaris # 8217 ; s talk so measured the spit. When the innate stimulation ( US ) was paired with a learned stimulation ( CS ) , it finally resulted in a learned response. Extinction consequences if there is a lessening in frequence or strength of a erudite response due to the failure to go on to partner off the US and the CS. Extinction can besides happen in operant conditioning. The key to o perant conditioning is reinforcement. Support is when a stimulation is presented that increases the chance that the predating response will repeat in the hereafter. If support is withheld, extinction will happen in operant conditioning. Another factor that is invo lved in conditioning is self-generated recovery. That is the reappearance of an extinguished response after the transition of clip, without farther preparation. If Pavlov’s Canis familiariss did non hear the bell for a few old ages, and if when they heard it later they drooled, it would be an illustration of self-generated recovery. Something similar occurs with operant conditioning. If an animate being was conditioned to act in a certain manor, but so their support was stopped, that animate being may still hold a reaction to the stimulation at a much later day of the month. Organisms that are being conditioned through operant or classical conditioning can travel through something that is known as stimulus generalisation. This is when there is a transportation of a erudite response to different but similar stimulations. An illustration would be if one of Pavlov # 8217 ; s Canis familiariss salivated to the sound of a bell that was different from the 1 that they were originally conditioned with. Stimulus favoritism is another phenomena that occurs with classical and operant conditioning. Discrimination is when an being learns to react to merely one stimulation and suppress the response to all other stimulations. It is the contrary of generalisation. If an being hears many different sounds, but is merely given support for reacting to merely one of the sounds, it learns to know apart between the sounds. Some of the differences between operant and classical conditioning prevarication in the extent to which support depends on the behaviour of the scholar. In classical conditioning, the scholar is automatically reinforced. That is how it learns to react to a one time impersonal stimulation. In operant conditioning, the scholar must supply a right response in order to have the support. Another difference between the two signifiers of conditioning is the type of behaviour to which each method applies. Classical conditioning applies to a behaviour that is ever wanted. It was Pavlov # 8217 ; s aim to hold the Canis familiariss salivate on bid. In operant conditioning, a behaviour can be learned or extinguished. If you wanted to develop a Canis familiaris non to make something, you would utilize a signifier of penalty. Classical and operant conditioning are similar, but they do differ in a few ways. Both are reasonably dependable ways to learn an being to move in a specific manor.

Marketing Strategy & Plan of Cadbury- PESTEL Analysis & CAGE Framework

Question: Analysing External and internal environment of cadbury, their CSR using CSR stance model and the last section will be their overseas opportunity in one country except UK using that countries PESTEL analysis and CAGE framework between UK and the other country. Answer: 1.0 Introduction A company can be assessed by its strategic position in the market with respect to its competitors. This paper consists of a n extended research analysis on the biggest confectionary organization in the world, Cadbury. It will assess the critical aspects of the strategic selections which are availed to Cadbury. The paper will give the reader a significant knowledge about the various tools of research and also their importance in analysing and evaluating the markets for a business entity. The core purpose of this project is to support Cadbury to expand in its home country and also internationally with the proper use of accurate modes, theories and concepts. The strategies of marketing model will be applied and analysed in this report to indicate the competitive and market position of Cadbury. Recommendations are also given to measure the perspective of the company on the growth of the profits and revenue along with the share of market. However the planned segmentation is also evaluated critically on the foundation of the multiple procedures to categorize the financially attractive fragment for Cadbury. The available position in the industry is also identified with the help of strategic framework. The reaction of the competitors offers a detailed assessment of the probable reaction of the competitors along with the options to the strategic plans of Cadbury which are counteractive. The paper finally ends with the justification of the most possible strategic location for further operations of the business (Agudo-Valiente, Garcs-Ayerbe and Salvador-Figueras, 2013). Does The Intricacy of The Topic Intimidate You? Tame Your Fear with Unmatched Assignment Help Services from Professional Writers 2.0 Background of the Company John Cadbury founded this company in the year 1831 which was covered successfully and also revolutionized the processing of cocoa in the market from the year 1866. Cadbury then merged successfully with Schweppes in the year 1969. The company is now internationally acknowledged as the most reputed organisation with the acclamation of an international status, Cadbury Schweppes PLC (referred to as Cadbury hereinafter). The company also successfully employs more than 45,000 employees in around 60 countries worldwide. The company is positioned strategically as the fourth highest supplier of the chocolate and sugar confectionary all over the world. The supreme successful product that was promoted by Cadbury since the year 1905 is Dairy Milk, the product has become very popular melted chocolate in UK along with the other chocolate bars internationally in the terms of revenue. The companys three major pillars in its strategic success are top notch quality, money value and sound advertisement (Ajibola and Njogo, 2012). 3.0 Research Design Research design which is used in this paper focuses mainly on the accurate tools of research like PESTEL Analysis, Porters Five Forces Model to assess the external environment of Cadbury so as to recognize the probable opportunities and threats. To evaluate the internal environment the resources and capabilities framework is used in the report. To equalize with the opportunities and the external threats with the internal weakness and strengths TOWS matrix have been applied here. The corporate social responsibility of the company is also analysed clearly with the support of Carrolls Pyramid of CSR and CSR stance. To assist in the growth of Cadbury in the international market UAE PESTEL Analysis and the CAGE framework is considered to identify and point the profitability of the markets (Appleton, McKeown and Woodside, 2011). 3.1 Consequence and Outcomes With the involvement of these tools to the Cadbury Company it will help us to recognize the probable opportunities in expanding the business and also assist it forecasting the threats which cannot be anticipated now. The market of UK confectionery is very much established market having a high demand and also levels of penetration. Additionally, the market is very much controlled and is also influenced by the big players like Mars and Nestle. Thus it becomes very essential for Cadbury to be pre-emptive in implementing the different strategies of business which are effective after considering the various factors and also to construct an effective strategy of corporate social responsibility to achieve the competitive advantage (Appleton et al., 2011). 4.0 External Analysis The first and foremost fundamental step of strategic management is to analyse the current factors of the environment within which the operations of the company will be executed. The environmental factors consist of both internal and external factors. PESTLE framework is used to evaluate the external environment. There are two aspects of this analysis. The first aspect is to identify the environment in which the operations of the company take place and secondly, it gives valuable data to the company which helps in predicting the circumstances and situations of the future (Assessing the industry using Porter's five forces, 2014). Furthermore the PESTLE framework also gives a certain amount of essential fundamental knowledge to examine the macro environment; it has some constraints in measurements terms. They are: The first setback which was seen that the PESTLE analysis does not adopt the quantitative measurement method. It was majorly concentrated on the qualitative approach if measurement. The autonomous assessment of the each factor of the PSTLE model may not replicate the exact situation. According to (Beneke et al., 2015) the PESTLE analysis must adopt the approach which is based on the inter dependence of the aspects of the model. However with these restrictions the PESTLE framework is very used by the companies to examine the external environment and the impact of the same on the objectives and targets of the organization. 4.1 PESTLE Analysis- UK Confectionery Industry The factors of the framework of PESTLE have a possible influence on the company, Cadbury. Thus the analysis that is mentioned below is of high importance for Cadbury if they want to successfully execute its operations of the business. Political Factors The political factors very much scrutinize the industry of the UK confectionery. It has both positive and negative impact on the company. It is very much essential for Cadbury to make themselves aware of the different political factors which are mentioned below: The government has initiated campaigns to advertise the healthier way of living among every citizen. It is also additionally, pushing the drink and the food companies to manufacture all healthy products with a clear labelling (BOYLE, 2012). Argument on Fat Tax- The first country to initiate the fat tax on food which contains 2.2% of saturated fat was Denmark. This also included confectioneries. Later it was obliterated because the food price was inflated after this. The medical experts however seemed to believe that the fat tax was an efficient way to decrease the obesity that was prevailing in UK. Thus as that fat tax can increment the unhealthy food price, it might be implemented in near future (Bray, 2015). Economic Factors Cadburys margin of profit is affected by the economic factors. It is necessary for an organization to know the factors so that they can take steps which are important to lessen the impact of this factor. Being responsive to the campaigns on obesity the companies manufacturing chocolates are now downsizing the bars of the chocolates before the VAT rise. The changes in climate are also affecting the yields of the crops. The prices and the trade balance are being affected in this return. The crisis in the economy y might also affect the spending of the consumers and also the chocolates which are premium will be considered as unaffordable luxury for at least some months (Bugge and Lavik, 2012). Social Factors The consumers of a company are the most essential assets for a company. Thus it is significant for Cadbury to comprehend the alterations in the needs of the consumers and also the social trends so as to manufacture value products. To deal with the downfall in the economy the consumers always prefer to save money by staying home, however to have a sweetening experience and for the guests they have started purchasing the chocolate bags. As we know that the chocolate is a versatile gift in every occasion; boxed and seasonal chocolates have experienced a very high demand thereby giving rise to the sales which have been forecasted to rise by 12.5%. In the present economic and social surrounding it has been seen that the sale of dark chocolates have increased dramatically (Collier, 2010). Technological Factors To attain a competitive advantage over the competitors Cadbury should be updated technologically and should also make use of the best and the latest technology that is present in the market. In the current world the researchers and analysts are working with the growers of cocoa by the assistance of the satellite; internet connections so that it can improve the evenness and quality of their beans. The companies are now opting for the advanced methods to examine and also rank the cocoa beans. In addition they are also taking the help of six division flavour wheel to fetch out natural aroma and the essence. The change in the shape of the chocolate is a surprising trend which is ruling the market for a decade. The chocolate today are prepared very creatively in various combinations and shapes like for example Oreo biscuits having chocolates combined with it (Dul i, Gnjidi and Alfirevi, 2012). Environmental Factors The key element of Cadbury to execute its business is Cocoa. Cadbury should be responsive to the fact that there are certain effects of the environment on the production of the cocoa beans. Cadbury can design its own strategies to make sustainable cocoa. The changes in the climate are estimated to affect the cocoa farms of West Africa. By some years, more than half of the countries producing cocoa might be too hot to help in the growth of the cocoa. There is a huge decrement in the production of the cocoa because of the plant disease like black pot. The disease is a very serious problem which is destroying more than 85% of the cocoa crop. This disease is significantly severe in Central and West Africa. With the outburst of Ebola the production of cocoa beans and its trade have been affected adversely (George, Owoyemi and Onakala, 2012). Legal Factors Cadbury should be responsive enough towards the alterations in the legal regulations and law to produce their products in a legally acknowledged manner. It is very much essential for the global players in manufacturing chocolates to be upgraded with the latest changes in the law or else it might affect the reputation of the company. The current legal laws are mentioned below: The chocolate and the cocoa products must follow up with the reserved details that are formed by the Coca and Chocolate Products Regulations Act. The members of CAOBISCO should abide by with the food and safety policy laid down by EU so that the companies execute practises of fair trade and also give sales and superior products to its consumers (Jerzewska-Zychowicz, Jeznach and Kosicka-Gbska, 2012). The government of UK have enacted the imposition of penalties which is worth 4500 for any company who fails to comply with the description and labelling requirements. 4.2 Porters Five Forces Model To improve the effectiveness of a business plan, there is a necessity to evaluate the present situation. The best approach in this process is using the framework of Porters Five Forces Model. This model assists to recognize the competitive force of an industry and also give an indication of the industrys attractiveness. The following diagram will show the determinants of the model (Ketola, 2013). Figure 1: Porters Five Forces Model New entrants The confectionery market in UK is very much established and reputed in the market with top demand and also increased penetration level. There are around 274 producers of confectioneries in UK. The market is highly influenced and controlled by the major players like Nestle, Mondelez International and Mars. The company Cadbury is deemed to be an essential barrier for the new entrants because the company has a strong recognition of brand and also the threat of new firms is considerably less on Cadbury. Until and lest the product is innovative enough associated healthy style of living it cannot connect with the market to make its presence because already the market is captured by Cadbury (Kozelov et al., 2014). Threat of Substitutes The threat from substitution is very les on Cadbury because the brand equity is the key competitive edge of the company. Furthermore for the last few decades there is an increasing apprehension on the healthy life style. Thus there has been a huge increase in the sales of the products which are sugar free, products having reduced aft and cereal bars and calories providers. As per a survey recently it has been seen that the demand for the dark chocolates have also increased since it is deemed to be healthier than the other chocolates (New Partnership launched, 2010). Buyer Power There are two types of buyers in the confectionery markets; majorly the retailers and the ultimate consumers. There are also five super markets who dominate the confectionery retail markets in UK. These players are ASDA, TESCO, ALDI, SAINSBURYS and MORRISONS. These stores force more power of negotiation than the regular customers. The customers also purchase confectionary from the retailers in the local areas which are purchase on compulsion, for getting daily essentials. The confectionery products are broadly appreciated by every person in UK and they think it to luxury which is affordable (Pai and Subramanian, 2014). Supplier Power The industry dealing in confectionery works primarily with merchants of food ingredients who supply the products like sugar, cocoa and gelatine. The key producers of cocoa are in Latin America, West Africa and South East Asia. In accordance with a recent study it was founded that Mars, Mondelez and Nestle controls 38.5% of the entire global supply. The Cadbury-cocoa partnership have kept the supplier power ti a low state because the funds in the partnership are invested in cocoa farms located in India, Ghana, Caribbean and Indonesia so as to determine a long term supply of cocoa (Parasramka and Dufresne, 2012). Competitive Rivalry It has been seen that there exists an aggressive competition in the confectionery industry due to the existence of multiple manufacturers. The big players like Nestle, Ferrero, Mondelez and Mars are indeed very robust brands which will give a very hard competition to Cadbury. These companies are striving for high presence in market by the implementation of multiple marketing strategies. 4.3 Recommendations It is essential for the company Cadbury to ponder over all the external factors and taking them into consideration and turn them into opportunities and plan an effective strategy to execute a successful business. The company is recommended to continue investing in the innovation of the product since it is providing a competitive advantage for Cadbury. It must come up with more innovative and interesting strategies and promotion tactics to uphold the sturdy brand awareness so as to decrease the competitive rivalry. Cadbury should also focus on producing low-calorie and healthy confectionery to address the customers high concerns for healthy life style (Petrone, Gaziano and Djouss, 2013). 5.0 Internal Analysis Resource and Capabilities According to (Sager, 2012), the resources and the capabilities of a market play a major role in constructing a top quality value for the consumers and also in achieving the competitive edge. In the year 1980 there was a shift from the industrial framework to the resource based view (RBV); this highlights the significance of the external environment. The major purpose for this shift is inability of industrial structure to rationalize that why certain firms in the similar industry vary in the internal performance. Resources The resources can be differentiated into intangible and tangible resources. As per (Salabun, 2014) the tangible resources can be physical, financial and human resources while the intangible resources are the skills and also the corporate culture, knowledge of the employees and the company policies. It is very much essential to convert the resources to valuable yield. The capabilities are things which are more than the resources; it comprises, constructs and also transforms te resources so as to create value for the products (Salabun, 2014). Financial Resources Bank overdraft of Cadbury has reduced compared to 2012 Increment of 29.5% in the cash balance Increment in the working capital and also in shareholders capital. Physical Resources The core production unit of Cadbury is located at Bourneville. Mondelez is investing 75 million in the plant of Bourneville Cadbury to create it a world class one. Cadbury also has their own online and physical stores to transact their products. Other than this the company also have teamed up with various retail stores on a huge scale. Technological Resources Cadbury has the right to approach the top notch facilities. The company has started the Chocolate Centre of Excellence in 2012 for the purpose of research and development. Cadbury has adopted ERP system and SAP so as to cope with the merger Human Resource Management There are over 150,000 employees in Cadbury who are very much dedicated and well trained. Cadbury follows a decentralized system of organizational structure. The employee opportunities and benefits such as wellness of the employees, good salary package, pension schemes and insurance plan. Innovation Cadbury have innovated a new range of snacks like dairy milk LU Ritz recently, bringing in together two brands by investing around 7.3m in the process of marketing. Cadbury also industrialized the chocolates which are temperature tolerant. Reputation Cadbury is well known for its quality and purity. Cadbury is positioned as te world class brand in confectionery. The practise of fair trade in Cadbury made a vast difference in the reputation of the company. Table 1: Tangible and Intangible Resources Capabilities The different capabilities of Cadbury which adds to their core competencies are mentioned below: Having a strong experience in the industry of confectionery Pure and high quality Development of new product Advertising strategies Strong image of the brand Unique resources of the world Global strategy of marketing 5.1 Recommendations Cadbury should do a critical analysis of its business environment so as to categorize the strengths and weakness of the company. The acquisition has led to the loss of job for many employees. Cadbury should try to sustainits human resources and integrate the corporatecultures of both Cadbury itself and Kraft for accomplishing better performance and making optimum use of the resources and also the capabilities to stay one step ahead of the competitors in the confectionery market (Saltini and Akkerman, 2012). 5.2 TOWS Framework The TOWS structure is a sequential analysis of the organization which will tally the external opportunities and threats of the organization with the internal strengths and weakness. Internal Factors External Factors Strength Cadbury is the market in manufacturing chocolate in over 200 countries. Cadbury has brands which are strong enough to compete with the different manufacturers of chocolate. The company has strong brand loyalty. With the acquisition of Kraft, Cadbury has high access to the resources and the capabilities. Weakness Mondalez has a difficult task to sustain the emotional bond with the consumers of UK same as Cadbury. Problem to incorporate two different corporate cultures of Mondalez and Cadbury. Very high impact often competitors. There were arguments on the quality control of Cadburys products globally. Opportunities The leading manufacturers of chocolate are working with the Ghana Government towards the sustainability of cocoa. Technological alterations in the confectionery industry. SO Campaigns of sustainability will create goodwill and a good brand image of Cadbury among the consumers. Introduction of the new technologies in manufacturing chocolates to fetch more exotic flavours. WO Brand image will be hampered with the increment in the lines of product. Cadbury must balance the product lines to uphold the stability in the market growth. Threats Introduction of different laws and policies Changes in climate and outburst of dangerous disease. Substitute product threats. ST Cadbury should invest in multiple initiatives to support the farmers in sustainable farming of cocoa Manufacturing healthier products WT Threat are uncontrolled like incurable disease impacting on coca plantation Price wars might be triggered by the aggressive competition. Table 2: TOWS Framework 6.0 Corporate Social Responsibility The framework of CSR is a very vital framework for any company which are trying to donate some of its profit to the betterment of the society. It means the spectrum of benefits for the society as a whole with the activities of the business (Srdjevic, Bajcetic and Srdjevic, 2012). 6.1 Pyramid of Corporate of Social Responsibility There are four aspects of CSR which comprises of legal, economic, philanthropic and ethical. According to the current trends philanthropic and ethical functions are very essential in the corporate world. The following diagram shows the layers of the pyramid (Tokede, Gaziano and Djouss, 2011). Figure 2: Pyramid of CSR There are multiple initiatives which were undertaken by Cadbury on CSR. The following are some of the activities listed. $500 million USD was invested in coffee and cocoa origins. The company aimed at cutting down 14% of the usage of water and energy for the sustainable environment. Cadbury provided employment to the young people to motivate them. Educational projects were supported to develop their skills. Balanced and physical lifestyle initiatives were undertaken. Homeless and Vulnerable people were taken care of (Toledo, 2013). The Purple goes Green campaigns were initiated to decrease the plastic waste and encourage recycling. 6.2 Application of CSR Stances Forum of the interaction of the stakeholders Since Cadbury takes the consideration of multiple stakeholders in implementing strategies so it comes under this forum. Cadbury considers all its stakeholders to conduct its business (Vank, Mikol and vkov, 2012). Triple Bottom Line and Systems The company measures their growth on the foundation of their financial growth along with the environmental growth. Cadbury aims to manufacture their products in a sustainable manner by maintaining ethical codes of standard (Viveros, 2014). Proactive Cadbury is proactive in the societys betterment and donates a lot to it by initiating a number of SCR strategies like, health and welfare, etc. Good Practice ensured by System Cadbury started the initiative named the call for well being an approach for high well being of the people (Wilkins, 2010). 7.0 Other International Opportunities The suitable country in which Cadbury can diversify its business is UAE, which is very perfect for the market en try of Cadbury. The market of UAE chocolate confectionery is forecasted to flourish at a CAGR of 7.01% around 2014-2019 (Widmer, Lerman and Lerman, 2012). 7.1 CAGE Framework United Kingdom UAE Cultural Distance Native language is English, others being Irish, Welsh, etc. Social Norms- Meeting and greeting, punctuality and giving gifts. Religion- Christian 72%, Hindu- 1.5% and Muslim 2.5% Arabic is the main language other immigrant languages being English, Hindi, Urdu, etc. Social Norms- Ethnically different from UK, Islamic greeting Islam dominated religion Political Distance Monarchy Constitutional Perception of corruption index- 7.6 Federal government of UAE with many organs CPI- 5.8 Geographical Distance UK comprises four countries Population- 7,420,220 Comprises seven emirates Population- 1,138,351 Economical Distance 7 times more economical than UAE After Germany, second largest economy in Europe High standard of living. Open economy with huge per capita income. Three times industry establishments than UK. Table 3: Cage Framework 7.2 Rationale of the entry in the market of UAE. There are highly favourable conditions of tax in UAE with less barriers of trade which actively attract the investors from the international market. The tourism sector is the major reason to enter the market. UAE invites around 12 billion tourists every year which is a high potency for entering the market. The company can also establish Cadbury world for the tourists attraction in UAE. The company can also manufacture chocolate dates according to the taste and preferences of the localities in UAE. Cadbury has to initiate various marketing strategies to promote its market presence in the confectionery market of UAE (Wright, 2014). 7.3 Market Entry Strategy It is strongly recommended to the company for an alliance and joint venture strategy for entering the UAE market to set up the business. The perfect strategy is joint venture because the risk of the investment is shared among the partners and it also gives a huge access to the resources. Executing an alliance with a partner in UAE will help Cadbury to identify the market in detail and the localities can also be targeted. The quality of the product can also be efficiently monitored and Cadbury will also be to come up with innovative products with joined strategies (Yksel, 2012). 8.0 Conclusion The world biggest confectionery company is Cadbury for its strong brand image. Thus it is very vital for the company to analyse its internal and external environmental factors to be well aware of the alteration to attain a competitive edge. Research tools like Porters Five Forces, PESTLE, TOWS, etc give the company the effective information for designing its business plan with the changing preferences of the consumers. Besides this Cadbury should continue working for the society as well to protect the brand equity and goodwill. Whilst expanding in other international markets, Cadbury should analyse all the factors to understand the markets (Zarantonello and Luomala, 2011). References Agudo-Valiente, J., Garcs-Ayerbe, C. and Salvador-Figueras, M. (2013). Corporate Social Performance and Stakeholder Dialogue Management. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 22(1), pp.13-31. Ajibola, O. and Njogo, B. (2012). The Effect of Consumer Behaviour and Attitudinal Tendencies Towards Purchase Decision : A Case Study Of Unilever Nigeria Plc , Cadbury Nigeria Plc , United African Companies Plc. Oman Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 1(12), pp.88-118. Appleton, K., Mckeever, N., Woodside, J. and Mckeown, P. (2011). Biscuits, chocolate and fruit snacks: Effects on hunger and food intake. Appetite, 57(2), p.544. Appleton, K., McKeown, P. and Woodside, J. (2011). Chocolate, biscuits and fruit bars: effects on appetite and mood. Proc. Nutr. Soc., 70(OCE3). Assessing the industry using Porter's five forces. (2014). Veterinary Record, 174(Suppl_1), pp.3-3. Beneke, J., Floyd, V., Rono, C. and Sherwood, K. (2015). Chocolate, Colour and Consideration: An Exploratory Study of Consumer Response to Packaging Variation in the South African Confectionery Sector. IJMS, 7(1). BOYLE, R. (2012). Language contact in the United Arab Emirates. World Englishes, 31(3), pp.312-330. Bray, R. (2015). Developing a participative multi criteria decision making technique: a case study. IJMDM, 14(1), p.66. Bugge, A. and Lavik, R. (2012). Forbidden Fruit Tastes the SweetestA Study of Norwegians Consumption Pattern of Chocolate, Sweets, Salty Snacks, Soft Drinks and the Like. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 03(12), pp.1619-1630. Collier, R. (2010). Critics say UNICEF-Cadbury partnership is mere sugarwashing. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 182(18), pp.E813-E814. Dul i, ., Gnjidi, V. and Alfirevi, N. (2012). From Five Competitive Forces to Five Collaborative Forces: Revised View on Industry Structure-firm Interrelationship. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 58, pp.1077-1084. George, O., Owoyemi, O. and Onakala, U. (2012). Hofstedes Software of the Mind Revisited and Tested: The Case of Cadbury Worldwide and Cadbury (Nigeria) Plc - A Qualitative Study. International Business Research, 5(9). Jerzewska-Zychowicz, M., Jeznach, M. and Kosicka-Gbska, M. (2012). CONSUMERS INTEREST IN FUNCTIONAL SWEETS AND CONSUMER PREFERENCES. ZNTJ. Ketola, T. (2013). Rationale, Morals, and Needs Pyramid for Corporate Responsibility Development. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 21(4), pp.228-239. Kozelov, D., Matejkov, E., Fikselov, M. and Dknyov, J. (2014). Analysis of consumer behavior at chocolate purchase. Potravinarstvo, 8(1). New Partnership launched. (2010). Br Dent J, 208(1), pp.37-37. Pai, V. and Subramanian, R. (2014). Kraft Foods, Inc. in India The Cadbury Acquisition. Asian Case Res. J., 18(02), pp.371-399. Parasramka, S. and Dufresne, A. (2012). Supraventricular tachycardia induced by chocolate: is chocolate too sweet for the heart?. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 30(7), pp.1325.e5-1325.e7. Petrone, A., Gaziano, J. and Djouss, L. (2013). Effects of Dark Chocolate and Cocoa Products on Endothelial Function: A Meta-Analysis. Current Nutrition Reports, 2(4), pp.267-273. Sager, M. (2012). Chocolate and Cocoa Products as A Source of Essential Elements in Nutrition. Journal of Nutrition Food Sciences, 02(01). Salabun, W. (2014). Application of the fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making method to identify nonlinear decision model. International Journal of Computer Applications, 89(15), pp.1-6. Saltini, R. and Akkerman, R. (2012). Testing improvements in the chocolate traceability system: Impact on product recalls and production efficiency. Food Control, 23(1), pp.221-226. Srdjevic, Z., Bajcetic, R. and Srdjevic, B. (2012). Identifying the Criteria Set for Multicriteria Decision Making Based on SWOT/PESTLE Analysis: A Case Study of Reconstructing A Water Intake Structure. Water Resources Management, 26(12), pp.3379-3393. Tokede, O., Gaziano, J. and Djouss, L. (2011). Effects of cocoa products/dark chocolate on serum lipids: a meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Nutr, 65(8), pp.879-886. Toledo, H. (2013). The political economy of emiratization in the UAE. Journal of Economic Studies, 40(1), pp.39-53. Vank, M., Mikol, M. and vkov, K. (2012). Evaluation Methods of Swot Analysis / Metody Vyhodnocen Swot Analzy. GeoScience Engineering, 58(2). Viveros, H. (2014). Examining Stakeholders' Perceptions of Mining Impacts and Corporate Social Responsibility. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, p.n/a-n/a. Widmer, R., Lerman, L. and Lerman, A. (2012). Chocolate and cardiovascular disease: a sweet deal?. European Heart Journal, 33(17), pp.2118-2120. Wilkins, R. (2010). Danes impose 25% tax increases on ice cream, chocolate, and sweets to curb disease. BMJ, 341(jul06 2), pp.c3592-c3592. Wright, J. (2014). Sweet success. Nursing, 44(2), p.30. Yksel, I. (2012). Developing a Multi-Criteria Decision Making Model for PESTEL Analysis. IJBM, 7(24). Zarantonello, L. and Luomala, H. (2011). Dear Mr Chocolate. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 14(1), pp.55-82.

Definition of Literacy

Depending on context, literacy can be defined in different ways. First, it is the ability to know, understand, interpret, create, communicate, and compute using information written in any form and under varying contexts. It can also be defined as the ability to write coherently, think critically, and read not only for knowledge, but also to acquaint oneself with the environmental context (Gordon Gordon, 2003).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Definition of Literacy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Literacy can also be defined as the ability to make and communicate meaning by use of a variety of socially identifiable contextual symbols. In various levels of developmental ability, a literate person can gain and convey meaning and use their knowledge and judgment to achieve a desired objective or goal that requires the use of language skills either in writing or in writing. A literate person can arbitrate their worl d by obtaining meaning from one knowledge base and apply or connect it to another knowledge base intentionally and flexibly (Brace, Brockhoff, Sparkes, and Tuckey, 2006a). For instance, knowing that letters represent sounds and that those sounds form words to which the audience can attach meaning entails literacy under this context. The definition of literacy is dynamic, evolving, and reflects the continual changes in our society (Kress, 2003). Literacy can be achieved by establishing a reading culture which involves the development of skills and this process begins with ability to comprehend both spoken and written words. To be fluent in reading and comprehension, one has to be familiar with speech sounds, spelling patterns, word meaning, grammar and patterns of word formation (Elaine and Edward, 2003). Once these skills are acquired, the reader will have attained full language literacy which includes the capability to interpret printed material from an informed perspective and und ertake a detailed analysis and to write with accuracy and soundness. Literacy involves continuity in learning and enabling individuals to achieve their goals, to develop their knowledge and potential, and to participate fully in their community and wider society. Literacy can also be defined as set of practical tools to facilitate work on the job, at home, and around the community (Gunther, 2003). There are different types of literacy and they give us a wide definition of literacy. To start with is prose literature which measures how well one understands and uses information found in various written materials. Second is document literacy which assesses how well one finds and uses information in a number of pictorial representations. The third is quantitative literacy which assesses how well one can use numbers found in printed and othenr visual media. Quantitative literacy is a little different from prose and document literacy because apart from using text to find a meaning, one mus t add, subtract, multiply, divide or perform any other mathematical computation to obtain the required information.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The final type of literacy is health literacy that evaluates how well one can comprehend and use health-related information to make health-related decisions. These include actions that involve health promotion and protection disease prevention, and all other aspects that relate to the healthcare system. The ability to read and write is fundamental to a successful education, career, independent living, and quality of life in today’s world (Street, 1984). With the evolving world, one has to be literate for almost every aspect of today’s environment requires some form of literacy. Reference Brace, J., Brockhoff, V., Sparkes, N., and Tuckey, J. (2006a). First Steps: Speaking and listening map of development (2nd ed.). Port Melbou rne, Vic: Rigby Gordon, E. H., and Gordon, E. E. (2003). Literacy in America: historic journey and contemporary solutions. New York: Praeger Kress, G. R. (2003). Literacy in the new media age. New York: Routledge Street, B. V. (1984). Literacy in theory and practice. Cambridge University Press Cambridge. This essay on Definition of Literacy was written and submitted by user Bo B. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Marxism and Crime essays

Marxism and Crime essays In formulating an appropriate and adequate response to any question or topic, it is almost essential for one to come to a thorough understanding of not only the question asked but also any other issues that might emanate from the topic. In the answering of the issue at hand, analysing the challenge of labelling approaches, Marxist/new criminology, and feminist approaches upon common sense assumptions about getting tough on crime, one must not assume their own knowledge is adequately suffice, but instead look to broader definitions and understandings of the topics surrounding the issue. Additionally and most importantly draw upon the conclusions and responses of suitably extended and established research from a maximum variance of sources. In examining the validity of how common these debates on tougher prison sentencing and more police powers actually are, the representation and stances of those claiming to represent the publics view in criminal law and order, being those running for state election, seem to be a sensible and even ideal position to commence queries. State election time in New South Wales is undoubtedly the time where prominent questioning of criminal and justice systems of the state is most frequent. From the start of the examination and probing of the Australian criminal justice systems at public state election this year up until the present continuance of inquiries, one common aspect continues to be asked and beckoned a call for tougher sentencing and tougher laws for those convicted of crimes. A dominant aspect of this call is the concept of zero tolerance. Young (1999) suggests that zero tolerance aims on a policing or executive level to flag an intolerance of incivilities, to sweep the streets clean of deviance and disorder, to deal with aggressive beggars, loiters, drunks and prostitutes. Young additionally suggests there are five specific elements to this concept, w...

The Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Portfolio - Essay Example complaining letters, cover letters, and other forms of letters helped me distinguish between different forms of letters and the elements required for each form of letter. This knowledge will be essential when I apply for future jobs and the skills gained will be beneficial in future. Although the class covered many things that will be helpful to me in future, I feel there are some things that we should have learned writing about in the class. However, the most important of the things that would have made learning better include writing various forms of short plays that we could act during class. This way, we could achieve a lot us a class in terms of learning about the differences in culture and we would have a chance of improving on the quality of our writing. By exchanging the scripts that we will have written, our classmates can correct grammatical mistakes and styles of writing in our work. Consequently, this approach will not only help us gain self-confidence, but it will also help us in improving out proficiency in

Race and Race Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Race and Race Theory - Essay Example It is also difficult to determine what characteristics of human beings need to be considered for racial discrimination. The concept of categorizing human beings according to their blood and kinship is a newer theory. Towards the end of the Middle Age, this concept took concrete form when anti-Jewish feelings were evolved as a manner to express resentment towards the religious beliefs of the Jewish community. These kinds of antagonism towards Jewish blood and kinship paved the reasons for hatred towards a community instead of an individual. Baptism among the Jews caused threat to the Christian community as the former could not prove their purity of blood to the Inquisition. The concept of racism had its roots in the Mediterranean slave trade during the Middle Ages when the Western world equated the blacks with slavery. In the modern time the concept of distinguishing human beings based on social, physical and intellectual features has proved to be unsound. This notion has generated fo r ages and is more specifically a social and historical process. Race cannot be confined to the physical or biological traits cultivated by an individual. The genetic inheritance of human beings that contribute towards those traits does not form the concept of â€Å"race†. ... There is a continuous inclination to regard race as an essence that is concrete and objective. There is also a contrasting view of the non-racist society that race is merely an illusion created purely by some ideologists. It was with the growth of political economy in the global arena and the advent of seaborne empire that race began to take a concrete shape. During economic crisis it is often the ethnic minorities who endure discriminations in the labour market. They even have limited access to proper education and health care facilities and this happens even during economic well-being although to a lesser extent. Although racial prejudices exist all over the world, the racial discrimination of human beings was originated by the Europeans. The era of European imperialism suggested that only those people belonging to the highest social rankings must govern the earth and it is they who should get access to all kinds of facilities for their development. It is however not correct to sta te that the European’s attainment of imperialism gave rise to race, but on the contrary it can be stated that race has created sociopolitical discriminations and has shaped the international economy: â€Å"this is not to say that the European attainment of imperial and world-encompassing power gave rise to race. Indeed it is just as easy to argue the opposite: that the modern concept of race gave rise to, or at least facilitated the creation of, an integrated sociopolitical world, a modem authoritarian state, the structures of an international economy, and the emergence over time of a global culture† (Winant, 172). What I find interesting about the article is that it discusses about the theoretical elements of race with the advent of the twenty first

Culture shock Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Culture shock - Research Paper Example Even if a student is not aware of the culture shock, he or she is always aware of the differences in culture and social setting. A student in this context is basically a sojourner who stays temporarily in another social setting. So is a worker or the missionaries or armed forces. In order to perform efficiently it is important for these people to adapt to the new culture. This adaptation might be costly to them in terms of both individual and physical health conditions. The United States has been witnessing the largest inflow of foreign students. The exchange of education provides a very useful instance to reflect this phenomenon. In 1955 the number was around 34000 from the overseas and it grew to 450000 in 1996. As a result of the rising levels of migration from the economically backward nations to the wealthier ones, the societies are moving form predominantly mono-cultural to multicultural setting. Societies of US, Britain and Canada are eventually transforming themselves into cu lturally diverse ones. As the ambience of an individual changes or as the person relocates to a different cultural background, he or she needs to build some new perspectives or thoughts along with behaviors in order to fit into the new surroundings. A culture shock is basically a process instead of being a particular event and its impact grows weaker as it recurs in the life of the same person. This is because the individual learns new strategies to adapt to these changes once he faces the new situation. (Pederson, vii) The paper will emphasize upon the culture shock related experiences encountered by students who move abroad to earn a foreign degree and eventually work there or return to their home country. Culture Shock – theoretical frameworks A culture is referred as the collective psychological plan formation of the human mind. While the time one takes his food is decided by his human nature driven by hunger, the way the food is eaten is decided by one’s culture ( using fork or using hands). Again whether an individual is going to choose the fork and knife to eat i an individual decision irrespective of what the cultural programming suggests or what the society infers.(Nunez, Mahdi, and Popma, 5) The theoretical setting of similarity attraction hypothesis is applicable in this circumstance. This hypothesis states that an individual tends to interact, feel comfortable with and trust people with whom they share something common in the cultural settings. This might include religion, values and beliefs apart from interests and other characteristics. Cross cultural communications occur between the people who tend to differ in terms of these essential characteristics. Another theory which might be studied in this respect is the cultural distance hypothesis. In this theoretical setting, the geographical distance plays a major role in understanding the cultural differences. For instance Australia and New Zealand are comparatively more similar in term s of cultural setting compared to India and USA. The more the cultural distance is, the greater is the probability of experiencing cultural shock. In fact empirical evidence can prove that Australian executives are more comfortable working in Auckland than at Taipei (Ward, Bochnan and Furnham, 9). The experience of a student who moves aboard for his studies usually undergoes five stages of culture shock. Peter Alder

Understanding the negative attitude of the public towards police

Understanding the negative attitude of the public towards police As chief of a medium size city in the United States, you are aware that the citizens in your community have a lower than expected opinion of the effectiveness of the police department. Design a research proposal that will provide for a randomized public survey in an attempt to understand the nature and extent of the negative public opinion. Include in your plan a sample survey instrument that would be used in the research. Include in your plan, proposed hypotheses and how these hypotheses will be tested. The researcher will attempt to design a research proposal by using a randomized public survey in an attempt to try and understand the negative attitude of the public toward the police department. With this method prospective participants are chosen by chance rather than by choice. The researcher will also include in the research proposal a proposed hypothesis, an explanation of how this hypothesis will be tested and a sample survey. INTRODUCTION The researcher is always amazed to see that there are many individuals who are more than willing to serve their community in ways that are many times without thanks and dangerous. Among these elite individuals are law enforcement officers. In general many of us are not aware that they are present until some news headline shows up saying that there is a problem or that something or the other went wrong. We as a society need to understand the stress and strain of the law enforcement community that serves us and it is important that we support them. The researcher for one cannot imagine an individual running toward danger when for the most part many of us will choose to run away. So what really happens in law enforcement when there is a less than favorable story and the community begins to focus their entire attention on the incident? It is the researchers belief that from the perspective of individual officers there may be a lot of is a lot of concern and assumption of what is going to happen. There may be a lot of pressure, especially if the individual(s) in question end up in front of a Grand Jury or other court proceeding, not to mention the fact that if there is a civil action it can go on for years. So in essence, does this have an impact on how these law enforcement officers approach their job and or their community? When one really thinks about it, often times the entire enforcement department is suspect when there are a few officers in question. Many believe that there is always some concern that depending on the situation the impact could be negative. There could be a lack of focus. It could be very distracting. It could create doubt about ones supp ort or role. The individual or organization could be hesitant to engage or be proactive in the work they have been challenged or asked to do in the service to their community (Rice, 2010). Its not very often that the publics opinion of police departments is positive. Corruption, unethical behavior, Police brutality, and excessive use of force are all part of the negative views that the public have about law enforcement officers. These types of behavior of law enforcement have had a huge impact on the manner in which the public view law enforcement and the opinion that they have of them. Because of the tactless lack of judgment of some law enforcement officers, the uprightness of the profession of law enforcement officers has become a bit shaded. Lets face it; it is not always news-worthy when the good guys are doing a good job, its really that simple. The media has great influence on the interest of public opinion because they make the determination of what will be seen and what will not. The researcher has seen the good, the bad, and the ugly with the law enforcement department in my city. It is the researchers personal experience with law enforcement officers has been nothing but stellar, helpful, professional, and informative. The researcher do however think that law enforcement departments have their fair share of good and bad, but its the bad that gets the attention and when the public grabs a hold of it they take it and run. Studies have found that the characteristic of a neighborhood and the interaction that they have with law enforcement are factors that have the most influence of the opinion that the public have on law enforcement. The study, conducted in Los Angeles, found that residents from neighborhoods perceived to be crime ridden, dangerous, and disorderly were less likely to approve of the police. In contrast, residents who had informal personal contact with police were more likely to express approval. Race and ethnicity, factors cited as influential in other studies, were not found to be as important as community disorder in determining the publics satisfaction with police (Maxon, Hennigan, Sloane, 2003). HYPOTHESIS If a civilian review board is put in place there will be a change in the opinion of the public regarding law enforcement and there will be less complaints from citizens on a whole. There are major differences between the number of citizens who convey that they are dissatisfied with law enforcement and those who officially make complaints. Many will argue that a lot of citizens do not go on to the next stage in lodging a complaint because they are of the belief that a full investigation will not take place and nothing will happen. Some citizens also may fear retaliation from law enforcement. Supporters of civilian review boards is of the strong belief that the public will be more likely to have more confidence in a process when a complaint is made to a group of civilians rather than by forwarding their concerns to a unit in a police force, and this in turn could increase the number of complaints (An examination of, 2006). AREA DESCRIPTION The sample for the study will be taken from four of the New York Citys Police Departments (LAPDs) 18 geographic areas. The areas will be chosen to reflect comparable rates of reported property and violent crimes and demographic profiles, in particular income and race/ethnicity. Included in the survey will be one delegate from each of the four (4) administrative bureaus. On the other hand, the four chosen areas are not, and are also not intended to be representative of the entire city. Area A will be in Bedford Stuyvesant, Brooklyn. This area has one of the highest rates of violent crime in the city, and it is estimated that it is more than four times higher than any of the other areas that would be included in the survey. In census taken in 1995, area A consisted of about 120,000 residents, of that number sixty percent (60%) were black and thirty-five percent (35%) were of Latino descent. Latinos have shifted into this area that was traditionally black in large numbers. Household incomes were reported among residents as follows: Eighty-five percent (85%) had household incomes below $45,000 and forty-three percent (43%) below $15,000 (U. S. Department, 2003). Area B will be the Brownsville area of Brooklyn. The violent crime rate in this area is the second, and is infested by the biggest population of gang in the city, comprising of more than 8,000 gang members, consisting of about 45 gangs. Area B, nonetheless, has a below average rate for property crime between the four areas chosen for the. Area B is mainly comprised of eighty-four percent (84%) Hispanics with low income and many of its residents live in households that are multigenerational. In the census done in 1995 eighty percent (80%) of these residents reported household incomes as follows: thirty-two percent (32%) below $45,000 and thirty-two percent (32%) below $15,000 (U. S. Department, 2003). Area C will be on the west side of the city. It has a somewhat violent crime rate that is low but among the areas to be surveyed, the rate of property crimes is the highest. Area C has an estimated 220,000 residents and is culturally mixed. Whites account for sixty-one percent, Latino twenty-two percent, Asians ten percent, and Blacks six percent. In the census done in 1991 residents reported the following incomes: Fifty-eight percent (58%) had incomes under $45,000 and seventeen percent (17%) had incomes below $15,000 (U. S. Department, 2003). Area D will be in the Chelsea Piers area. The violent crime rate in this area is very low and the property crime rate is the second lowest (higher than area B). This area comprises of seventy -three percent (73%) whites, seventeen percent (17%) Latinos and eight percent (8%) Asians. The incomes of residents in this area is higher that the other three (3) areas to be surveyed. In the census done in 1991 the reported incomes were as follows: fifty percent (50%) had incomes above $45,000 and twenty-six percent (26%) had incomes above $75,000 (U. S. Department, 2003). METHODOLOGY The researcher will conduct the survey via mail and face to face interviews. Residential addresses will be acquired from lists at the citywide utility service and will be coded to allow the collection of addresses inside the four (4) geographic regions. The survey will comprise of a random sample of five hundred and seventy (5,570) addresses. The procedures for the survey will be taken from Dillmans Total Design Approach (Hoddinott, Bass, 1986), in addition to five contacts with possible survey respondents. A postcard notice will be sent in advance, four survey mailings of which two will contain an incentive of $1.00, and a thank you and or reminder notice will be sent following the mailing of the first survey. All survey materials mailed will include Spanish translations. The researcher will offer other languages in the event that one is needed. Mail surveys let the respondent answer at their own leisure, rather than at the habitually inconvenient instant they are contacted for a phone or personal interview. Because of this, mail surveys are not considered as intrusive as other kinds of interviews. The downside is time! Mail surveys take longer than other kinds. The researcher will need to wait several weeks after mailing out questionnaires before he or she can be sure that they have gotten most of the responses. The face to face method will include personal interviews which have the ability to let the interviewee see the respondent face to face, it also has the ability to find the target population, and longer interviews may be tolerated by the respondent. Particularly with in-home interviews that have been arranged in advance, people may be willing to talk longer face-to-face than to someone on the phone. The down side to this is that personal interviews usually cost more per interview than other methods. This is particularly true of in-home interviews, where travel time is a major factor. The survey will summarize two (2) types of contact that the public has with law enforcement officers: formal contact and informal contact. The formal contacts will include residents calling the police departments in an attempt to ask for service, when residents are questioned by law enforcement officers about a potential crime that was committed. The informal contacts that residents has with law enforcement will include conversations with police officers who are on patrol and interactions that residents have with law enforcement at community meetings, youth activities sponsored by the police, and fairs about community and public safety. The measure of job approval will be based on a six-question scale which will be transformed from Skogans work in Chicago, which will ask residents how well police in their neighborhood and solve problems, help victims, and prevent crime (Skogan, 1998). The measure of the demeanor of law enforcement officers will be formed from five questions that asked respondents whether police were trustworthy, fair, helpful or respectful, and whether or not they seemed concerned. The study will focus on four issues that appeared to have an influence on the opinion of the public on police departments. The four issues will include the following: The perceptions that residents have about the amount of crime, chaos and confusion in their neighborhood and the sense that neighbors have of common trust and responsibility. The formal and informal contacts that residents have with law enforcement and their previous experience as victims of property and violent crimes if any. The demographic characteristics of residents; and The role that the media play in the perception that the public has on law enforcement. TREATMENT OF THE DATA The data received from the survey will be presented in pie charts, and rating scales which will show the percentage of individuals in each group and their opinion regarding law enforcement. Based on the results received it could show that there may be a need for more surveys to be done in order to understand the publics opinion of law enforcement because the acceptance of law enforcement authority by the public is essential for the maintenance of public order. Also, when the public has confidence in law enforcement it could lead to cooperation between law enforcement and the public at large, and this in turn can increase the effectiveness of policing. It is important for the public to trust and support law enforcement because this will be crucial when it comes to law enforcements expansion and maintenance. STATEMENT OF LIMITATIONS In order to measure the activities of local law enforcement, the sensitive measurement of public opinion is important. When law enforcement and the community exchange information it can foster a law enforcement-community partnership that can be tailored to specific concerns of the community (Maxon, Hennigan, Sloane, 2003). The publics opinion of law enforcements activities, fear, crime, and identifying strengths and problems in the community is an important representation of law enforcement. Surveys need to be done on a regular basis in order to further understand these issues. Independent organizations are the ones who should be responsible for conducting these surveys in order to prevent responses that are biased. If these surveys are conducted over a number of years then this will allow for a better understanding of the publics opinion of law enforcement. When community residents are surveyed, this can provide important information regarding the publics opinion of the activities of law enforcement. As the above survey will show, this kind of survey will provide a surprising amount of valuable information regarding the relationship between the public and law enforcement. This information can assist in directing both law enforcement and the public alike and assist in monitoring the effectiveness of law enforcement interventions. CONCLUSION Data from research shows that the public will have more trust in citizens like themselves rather than law enforcement and that they will be more than willing to file a complaint; Citizens will be more unprejudiced when it comes to assessing complaints from other citizens; Their impartiality will bring into being a higher percentage of valid complaints that will discourage and aid in reducing instances of misconduct by law enforcement; and because of these actions the public, will have more confidence in law enforcement. Many law enforcement officers accept having a citizens review board as something to be anticipated and stated their willingness to work with members of the public (An examination of, 2006). The predicament for civilian review boards is that a good number of them do not have the clout and authority or the funds to make the first move on independent investigations of law enforcement nor to deliver judgments on complaints. For the most part all they can typically do is evaluate an investigation that was performed by law enforcement and put together commendations about punishment. Very rare do they have any final say over the decisions of law enforcement management (An examination of, 2006). All in all, the majority of research studies suggest that if civilian review boards are given enough funds there is a much superior possibility that their work will have an impact on the conduct of law enforcement officers and this will in turn increase the publics confidence in the police. Even as there appear to be a broad-spectrum agreement that civilian review is a necessity in order to set up boundaries for law enforcement in a society that is democratic, this technique of citizens becoming engaged in law enforcement needs, to a greater extent, to be developed further if it is to be proven successful (An examination of, 2006). Three of the most important issues are: Instituting and simplifying the level of authority that civilian review boards will hold and their level of independence from law enforcement; Making sure that they get enough resources to Ensuring they obtain adequate resources to accomplish their goals; and Investigating ways of addressing the numerous facets of racism by law enforcement. The main goal of civilian review boards is to accomplish a better balance between the publics participation in law enforcement so that they are held answerable to the public, and enhancing the independence of the police so that public order can be preserved in a peaceful and democratic society (An examination of, 2006).

John Updikes A&P :: essays research papers

Bathing Beauties   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   John Updike’s â€Å"A&P† is a short story about a nineteen year old boy during the 1960’s that has a summer job at the local A&P grocery. The main character in the story, Sammy, realizes that life isn’t always fair and that sometimes a person makes decisions that he will regret. Sammy sees that life doesn’t always go as planned when three young girls in bathing suits walk in and his manager Lengel gives them a hard time, and he comes to term with that sometimes you make bad decisions. Sammy is astounded by three young girls that walk into his store in their bathing suits. He follows their every move as they peruse over the cookies and other goods. The first thing this typical nineteen boy recognizes is the one girl’s â€Å"can†. But then he goes on to say that this girl is one that other girls seems to think has potential but never really makes it with the guys. One girl though especially catches his eye. He starts to call her â€Å"Queenie† because of the way she carries herself and that she seems to be the leader of the pack. Sammy does nothing but watch her every move as they parade about the store. He even daydreams about going into her house with her rich family at a cocktail party. He notices everything about her and thinks there was nothing cuter than the way she pulls the money out of her top. His immature infatuation with this girl is one of the reasons Sammy makes the hasty decision to quit in the end. Lengel, the manager of the store, spots the girls and gives them a hard time about their dress in the store. He tells them, â€Å"Girls, this isn’t the beach.† He says that they are not dressed appropriately to come into this grocery store. Lengel’s words cause Queenie to get embarrassed and start to blush. Sammy cannot believe this and gets frustrated at his boss. He doesn’t believe that it is right to prosecute these innocent girls for the way they are dressed. He also states at this point that the sheep are piling up over in Stokesie line trying to avoid all the commotion the scene has caused. I believe Sammy takes this as the last straw in a long string of aggravations. Sammy confronts Lengel and tells him that he didn’t have to embarrass them like that, but it does no good.

Marilynne Robinson’s Housekeeping

In Housekeeping (1980), Marilyn Robinson provides a sense of women and the space and the domestic constraints of society. The story crosses several generations of women and their lives in a single house in a town named Fingerbone. Ruthie is the main protagonist. She is a young woman who grew up in a household of women, beginning with her grandmother, then her great aunts, her aunt, and her only sister. But the house in which they were all trapped in one way or another was built by and for a man. He was a child of the plains who longed for the mountains, and the site of the house was his dream, not theirs. The isolation of the house physically paralleled the emotional isolation of all the characters. Indeed, the tone of the narration by Ruthie is emotionally flat. Despite the level of tragedy which is continually visited on the family, the language and the flavor of the conversation is highly unemotional and detached. From the perspective of showing an important characteristic of the narrator, her lack of emotion in general, it is rather a boring effect for the reader. It keeps the protagonist distanced from the very audience which should be sympathetic to her. The story is a simple downward progression. Ruthie and her sister Louise came to live in the house after first her grandfather died in a train wreck which pitched the train into a local lake, then her mother committed suicide after dropping the girls off with their grandmother. No reason for this action is given, nor do the characters seem to particularly care. Five years later, their grandmother, who had little emotional connection with the girls also died, leaving her two older sisters-in-law in charge. They equally had no idea what to do with young girls. The first intrusion on the blandness of life was the return of Sylvie, Ruthie's mother's sister who was itinerant and mysterious. Certainly the aunts did not approve of her. But she was a convenience, for when she came the aunts were free to go home and leave matters entirely in her hands. Sylvie is the first person in the novel to show any emotion, and she does show love toward the girls. Sylvie is the breath of fresh air in an otherwise stagnant world. But it quickly becomes apparent that she will probably not stay forever. Lucille is a child who is likely to stay put, but Ruthie responds to Sylvie's suppressed wanderlust. At last they have a source of information about their mother, about the larger world. Sylvie was the opposite of the oppressive atmosphere of the town and the house. Both closed in on a person, making them small. But Sylvie had broken away before, and neither the town nor the house had any real power over her. When spring came shortly after Sylvie's arrival, the town flooded, again cutting the three of them off from other human company and stranding them in the house. With this development, the girls find that they are becoming dependent on Sylvie and for the first time learn that they have something to fear in being separated from her by the state. As always, there is a sense of loss, of the fear of abandonment. The reaction by the local townspeople to the women revealed much of the character of the family and of themselves. Robinson describes them as standoffish, knowing hardly anyone in town. They were self sufficient to themselves, and the house was a symbol of this. It was built alone on a hill so that it did not suffer as the rest of the town did in times of flood. The townspeople came and made sure they were all right and then left to put the town back in order unaided by Ruthie, Sylvie and Lucille. The primary social contact for the girls was the school they attended. But even there, they were isolated. Because of some unpleasantness for Lucille in which she was accused of cheating, both girls played hookey for an extended period of time. It was while they were hiding out that they saw Sylvie try to walk across the narrow, dangerous railroad bridge that spanned the lake. This was the same bridge where the train derailment which killed their grandfather occurred. As a result, both girls were very fearful of the loss they faced if something happened to her. It is at this point that housekeeping comes into the plot. Sylvie talked a lot about it and even did some. But she was very eccentric about the meals she prepared and the cleaning that she did. Lucille was not content with Sylvie, but Ruthie was for Ruthie was a kindred spirit. Lucille began to turn her attention to the town and the more conventional life it held out. By summer, it was clear that Lucille's loyalties lay elsewhere. But for the summer they both stayed out of the house most of the time and hid in the woods. Lucille increasingly found things to dislike about Sylvie, especially her housekeeping which was erratic. She offended Lucille's sense of propriety. By implication, Ruthie lacked one for she and Sylvie seemed to be similar in tastes and goals, or rather lack of goals. Essentially, Sylvie was a transient in the settled world, and Lucille was one who would voluntarily stay put. With time, the girls began to separate, and there arose an us versus them mentality, with us being Ruthie and Sylvie. Lucille invented a mother who was a meticulous housekeeper and a traditional mother. Ruthie had no such illusions, nor did she care. With time, the house under Sylvie's management became increasingly more disheveled, and full of papers and other rubbish. Ruthie adapted and was comfortable with it, as was Sylvie, but Lucille moved out to pursue a more normal life. The climactic series of events which ended up tearing the family apart truly was Ruthie's joining Sylvie in an overnight jaunt which started with a stolen rowboat for a chance to look at the train submerged in the lake holding her grandfather's remains and the eventual ride back into town on a freight train. That set the ladies of the town to trying to see that Ruthie did not herself succumb to being a transient. Under the threat of having the state take Ruthie from Sylvie, both decided to flee together. They first tried to burn down the house, but it did not burn. They escaped by walking at night across the railroad bridge, and were subsequently presumed dead. For the rest of their lives they wandered from place to place, rootless. Ruthie took up the life that Sylvie led, and both drifted around, never seeing Lucille again. There is a great sense of loss and sadness in this book. There is little in the way of close human connection, sympathy, or love. Overall, it is both ghostly and depressing. However, its strength is in the perceptive description of people and places. Robinson is especially vivid with the sense of place, whether of the house or the place in Seattle where the girls lived with their mother before coming to Fingerbone. Her descriptions of people were clear portraits that told as much of their character as their appearance. What the book lacked emotionally was made up in the artistry of the language.

Effects of Merger on Employee Morale Essays

Effects of Merger on Employee Morale Essays Effects of Merger on Employee Morale Essay Effects of Merger on Employee Morale Essay 2000). MA’s have become a more integral part of business life. Frank (2002) acknowledges that the idea of a megadeal continues to haunt floors of the world’s largest companies. Therefore for companies involved in mergers or acquisitions, in an effort to prevent the hangovers that strike the majority of MA’s, management must manage their post-merger integration more consciously and professionally. The integration phase plays the most integral part in the success or failure of the merger (Bruner, 2005). One of the most important factors in how well two companies integrate depends greatly on how well the integration is managed (Meschi, 1997). Fisher (1994) asserted that the most success and best mergers were those where managers of both companies took the time to thoroughly understand what they were getting into. The leaders must be willing to create a new culture that makes use of the best parts from both partners. In order to convince all company members, it is essential to be honest with employees about all aspects of agreements and to take time to reassure valuable workers that their jobs are safe. HRM ?tr?tegie? History shows that only 30–40% of all mergers and acquisitions are successful, despite companies stating that their merger has been successful but have been unable to derive the kind of benefits that were expected, triggers the question what is stopping these companies from achieving complete success (Ajjarapu, 2004). Ajjarapu reported that one of the main reasons for failure of a merger or acquisition is based on human resources neglect. Companies which have failed to recognize the significance of human assets in their associations and their function in the success of integration have failed to come to success. Dixon and Nelson (2005) reported that HR professionals are not included as part of the MA team, which is typically comprised almost entirely of people from finance, IT and other disciplines seen as essential to making the deal work. Unsuccessful merger activity is fast becoming the norm and one of the main reasons behind this is the underestimating impact culture has on merger success. Cartwright and Cooper (2000) accepted that the premier functions of up to date human assets purposes are to be dynamically engaged in the association and perform as a enterprise colleague and advisor on business-related issues. Gaughan (2005) stated: Human resource departments in today’s organizations are practical and strategic. As such, they can add significant value for companies through development, managing personnel conflict, reinforcing the new HR system and corporate culture, and providing leadership and communication to reduce turnover. (p. 20) This is particularly critical in the locality of amalgamations and acquisitions. People issues have been the most sensitive but often ignored issues in a merger and acquisition (Giles, 2000). When a decision is taken to amalgamate or come by, a business analyzes the feasibility on the business, financial and legal fronts, but falls short to identify the significance adhered to the human assets of the associations involved. Organizations fail to realize that people have the capability to make or break the successful union of the two organizations involved. Ajjarapu (2004) reported that it is important for organizations on the verge of integration to analyze the feasibility of the integration of key players from the human resource side of the house. Research showed that only 35% of senior HR executives were involved in MA activities (Giles, 2000; Liberatore, 2000). Other research reported that 80% of combinations failed at the implementation stage as a result of the following factors; an inadequate road map, senior HR professionals brought in too little, too late; senior HR professionals lacking in business experience; an inadequate skills base overall; and ultimately, failed organizational change (Charman, 1999; Greengard, 1999). Anderson (1999) reported that it is imperative that human resource professionals are key in pre-merger discussions and the strategic planning phase of mergers and acquisitions early as to allow them access to the corporate cultures of the two organizations. Being engaged in the pre-merger stage permits HR to identify areas of divergence which could hinder the integration process. HR plays a vital role in addressing any communication issues, compensation policies, skill sets, and company goals that need to be assessed (Deal Kennedy, 1999). Deal and Kennedy (2000) reported that it is imperative to involve HR to handle other issues such as addressing employee concerns, developing a detailed integration plan for merging the people of the two organizations, conduct talent audits, manage downsizing with care and most importantly motivate employees (Deal Kennedy, 2000). A study conducted by The Society for Human Resource Management revealed that more than two-thirds of the senior managers interviewed had been involved in three or more mergers, acquisitions or joint ventures within the past 5 years. Key results of the survey indicated that, while the experience level in corporate America is deep, the quality of such MA activities has gone missing. The findings included: [1. ] Only 43% of respondents reported success in achieving the expected pre-deal results. [2. ] Of the 82% of respondent companies that listed growth in market share as the most important expected result of the merger, only 49% reported achieving the goal. [3. ] Companies for whom the drivers were leadership in a consolidating industry and enhanced brand strength reported similarly disappointing results. 4. ] Respondents reported that the major obstacles to MA success were: [a. ] Inability to sustain financial performance (64%) [b. ] Loss of productivity (62%) [c. ] Incompatible cultures (56%) [d. ] Loss of key talent (53%) [e. ] Clash of management styles (53%) (p. 5) Dixon and Nelson (2005) asserted: These outcomes give a clear suggestion and supply a cornerstone for healing the MA persevering or at least begi nning the remedy with the right prescription. After all, three of the five obstacles listed above fall squarely within the human resource arena. p. 5) Most of these senior HR leaders were not included in the pre-deal planning activities by their own companies. With so much to offer and a general consensus of the positive correlation between HR involvement and the success of mergers and acquisition, the question remains as to why HR does not play an integral role in the MA proceedings (Dixon Nelson, 2005). ?te F?r ?tr?tegy Im?lement?ti?n Mergers and acquisitions represent change, and it is this change that generates different emotions among different employee groups. While employees from an acquiring company may feel excited about the new challenges that the integration brings to them, employees from an acquired company may have very different reactions, such as feeling anxious, uncertain, or even intimidated as they go through major changes (Machiraju, 2003). In the face of organizational changes from MA’s, employees tend to be worried with issues such as job security and their future careers with the organization (Daniel Metcalf, 2001). According to Wasserstein (2001) when uncertainty drags on without being addressed, or when employees do not have a good understanding about the change process or new work roles and standards, it impedes productivity and performance. The rumor mill begins and employee morale not only decreases, but many employees do not wait around: they jump ship and leave the company. For example, when Hewlett Packard (HP) broadcast its merger with Compaq, employees became concentrated on protecting their occupations rather than of assisting customers. Consequently, HP lost customers to other competitors (Nguyen Kleiner, 2003). Given that change is inevitable when two organizations are combined, communicating upfront about what will happen can help prepare employees for these changes. Each stage in a MA is a stressful time for both employees and managers, and each have to work together to avoid many of the disempowerment and mistrust that often comes with it. This is mostly because of today’s environment which seems to survive on rapid change and a great deal of uncertainty. It is very important for a company to maintain the trust of its employees when the change is taking place, this will ensure that as few employees as possible are â€Å"injured† and you retain much of the loyalty of the workers that remain (Brockner, Konovsky, Cooper-Schneider, Folger, Martin, Bies, 1994). When employees are treated well, they can survive any type of future crisis that an organization will go through. The surviving employees of the MA will work to build a better a better stronger company in the future. How management deals with these employees affects their morale and can either positively or negatively affect their productivity. MA’s are becoming a fact of life. They are something that will continue to happen unfortunately with no end in sight. As long as the economy continues to rise and fall, so to will the concept of merger, acquisitions, restructuring, streamlining and downsizing. References Abrahamson, E. (2004). Change without pain: How managers can overcome initiative overload, organizational chaos, and employee burnout. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Ajjarapu, N. (2004). Mergers and acquisitions: Managing the HR issues. Anderson, J. E. (1999, August 9). Making operational sense of mergers and acquisitions. The Electricity Journal, 12(7), 49–59. Banal-Estanol, A. , Seldeslachts, J. (2004). Merger failures. Unpublished manuscript, University of Western Ontario (Canada) and Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (Spain). 5. Berenson, M. L. , Levine, D. M. , Krehbiel, T. C. (2006). Basic business statistics: Concepts and applications (10th ed. ). Chicago: Prentice Hall. Bohl, D. (1989). The effects of mergers and acquisitions. New York: American Management Association. Brooks, I. Dawes, J. (1999). Merger as a trigger for cultural change in the retail financial services sector. The Services Industries Journal, 19(1), 194–206. Bruner, R. (2005). Deals from hell: MA lessons that rise above the ashes. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley. Borland, J. (2002). Despite breakup, ATT continues to reshape telecom landscape. Cartwright, S. , Cooper, C. L. (1994). T he human effects of mergers and acquisitions. In C. L. Cooper D. M. Rousseau (Eds. ), Trends in organizational behavior (pp. 47–62). New York: Wiley. Cartwright, S. , Cooper, C. L. (1996). Handbook of coping: Theory, research and applications. New York: John Wiley. Cartwright, S. , Cooper, C. L. (2000). HR know-how in mergers and acquisitions. London: Institute of Personnel and Development. Charman, A. (1999). Global mergers and acquisitions: The human resource challenge. Alexandria, VA: Society for Human Resource Management, Institute for International Human Resources International Focus. Daniel, T. A. , Metcalf, G. S. (2001). The management of people in mergers and acquisitions. Bridgeport, CT: Quorum/Greenwood. Deal, T. , Kennedy, A. (1999). The new corporate cultures: Revitalizing the workplace after downsizing, mergers and reengineering. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing. Deal, T. , Kennedy, A. (2000). Corporate culture: The rights and rituals of corporate life. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing. Dixon, I. , Nelson, N. (2005). SHRM case study: Culture management and merger acquisitions. Dooney, J. (2005). Communicating HR’s business impact. The morale and satisfaction of midlevel administrators: Differentiating the constructs and their impact on intent to leave. Feldman, M. L. , Spratt, M. F. (1999). Five frogs on a log: A CEO’s field guide to accelerating the transition in mergers, acquisitions, and gut-wrenching change. New York: HarperCollins. Fisher, A. B. (1994). How to make a merger work. Fortune, 129(2), 66. Frank, R. (2002, June 25). Where have the masters of the big mergers gone? The Wall Street Journal, p. C1. Gaughan, P. (2005). Mergers: What can go wrong and how to prevent it. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley. Habeck, M. M. , Kroger, F. , Tram, M. R. (2000). After the merger. London: Prentice Hall. Haspeslagh, P. C. , Jemison, D. B. (1991). Managing acquisitions: Creating value through corporate renewal. New York: Free Press. Huselid, M. (1995). The impact of human resource management practices on turnover, productivity and corporate financial performance. Academy of Management Journal, 38(3), 635–672. Jansen, S. A. (2001). Mergers and acquisitions (4th ed. ). Wiesbaden, England: Gabler. King, D. (2004). Meta-analyses of post-acquisition performance: Indications of unidentified moderators. Strategic Management Journal, 25(2), 187–200. Leedy, P. D. , Ormrod, J. E. (2005). Practical research: Planning and design (8th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Luecke, R. (2003). Managing change and transition. Boston: Harvard Business School. Machiraju, H. (2003). Mergers, acquisitions and takeovers. New Delhi, India: New Age International. Rend cultural management. Human Relations, 50(2), 211–228. Munck, B. (2001). Changing a culture of face time. Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing. Nguyen, H. , Kleiner, B. H. (2003). The effective management of mergers. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 24(8), 447–454. Picot, G. (2002). Handbook of international mergers and acquisitions: Preparation, implementation and integration. Houndmills, England: Palgrave/Macmillan. Reed, S. , Lajoux, A. (1998). The art of MA: A merger acquisition buyout guide. New York: McGraw Hill. Wasserstein, B. (2001). Big deal: Mergers and acquisitions in the digital age. New York: Warner Business Books.